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variable_server.py is a Python module for communicating with a sim's variable server from a Python program. Its primary purpose is to easily get and set variable values and units, but it also includes some additional convenience methods for affecting the sim's state. The code itself is well-commented, so I won't be reproducing the API here. Run pydoc variable_server (in the containing directory) for that.

Release Your Resources!

First things first. Communicating with the variable server means opening sockets. Sockets are a resource. Threads are also a resource, and this module uses them as well. The OS gets angry when you leak resources, so you should do your best to dispose of them when you're done. Python doesn't support RAII well, and __del__ isn't a good place to free resources, so I'm afraid I couldn't automatically clean up after you. You're going to have to be explicit about it, which Python style prefers anyway.

Call Close when You're Done

So how do we release this module's resources? I've provided a handy little function called close that takes care of everything for you. All you have to do is remember to call it when you're done. I know, I know, I hate having to remember to call close functions too. They're unassuming, not particularly interesting, and easy to forget about. But there's no way around it, so do your best. In truth, the world won't come crashing down around you if you do forget. You probably won't even notice a difference unless you're leaking hundreds of VariableServer instances, in which case you're probably trying to break everything. But call it anyway, ok?

from variable_server import VariableServer
variable_server = VariableServer('localhost', 7000)
# I'm using variable_server here.
# Getting values.
# Setting units.
# Doing other stuff.
# Ok, I'm done.
variable_server.close()  # don't forget to call close!

Or Use a Context Manager

Wait a tick! Python has the concept of context managers, which support automatic finalization within a limited scope. This is perfect if you only need to create an instance for a single block of code. However, it doesn't work if the use is spread over multiple scopes (many different methods sharing the same instance, for example), so you'll have to decide what works best for you.

from variable_server import VariableServer
with VariableServer('localhost', 7000) as variable_server:
    # Hmmm, this syntax is a little strange, but I'll go with it.
    # Actually, the more I look at it, the more I like it.
    # Python is pretty cool!
    # Oh yeah, I'm supposed to be using variable_server here.
    # Ok, I'm done. 
# Look, ma! No need to call close!

close is automatically called when the with block exits, no matter how that occurs: normally, via exception, even if you pull the power cord from your computer!

How do I Make One of These VariableServer Thingies?

If you know the host and port of the simulation you want to connect to, you can call VariableServer's constructor directly.

>>> from variable_server import VariableServer
>>> variable_server = VariableServer('localhost', 7000)

If no one's listening, you'll get an error.

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "variable_server.py", line 216, in __init__
    self._synchronous_socket = socket.create_connection((hostname, port))
  File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/socket.py", line 571, in create_connection
    raise err
socket.error: [Errno 111] Connection refused

If you don't know the host and port (sims select a random available port by default), look no further than find_simulation, which will create a VariableServer for you from all sorts of simulation parameters.

>>> help(variable_server.find_simulation)

find_simulation(host=None, port=None, user=None, pid=None, version=None, sim_directory=None, s_main=None, input_file=None, tag=None, timeout=None)
    Listen for simulations on the multicast channel over which all sims broadcast
    their existence. Connect to the one that matches the provided arguments that
    are not None.
    
    If there are multiple matches, connect to the first one we happen to find.
    If all arguments are None, connect to the first sim we happen to find.
    Such matches will be non-deterministic.
    
    Parameters
    ----------
    host : str
        Host name of the machine on which the sim is running as reported by
        Trick.
    port : int
        Variable Server port.
    user : str
        Simulation process user.
    pid : int
        The sim's process ID.
    version : str
        Trick version.
    sim_directory : str
        SIM_* directory. If this starts with /, it will be considered an
        absolute path.
    s_main : str
        Filename of the S_main* executable. Not an absolute path.
    input_file : str
        Path to the input file relative to the simDirectory.
    tag : str
        Simulation tag.
    timeout : positive float or None
        How long to look for the sim before giving up. Pass None to wait
        indefinitely.
    
    Returns
    -------
    VariableServer
        A VariableServer connected to the sim matching the specified
        parameters.
    
    Raises
    ------
    socket.timeout
        If a timeout occurs.

Just Tell Me How to Get a Frickin' Value

Looking for the TL;DR version, eh? Alright, here you go:

>>> from variable_server import VariableServer
>>> variable_server = VariableServer('localhost', 7000)
>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass')
'10'

What!? That Returned a String. Mass isn't a String!

Well if you weren't in such a rush, we could talk a bit more about your options. What's that? You suddenly have some time to actually read the documentation? Great! Let's dive in.

Specifying Type

get_value has a parameter called type_ that is used to convert the string value returned by the sim into something more useful. Want an int? Pass int. Want a float? Pass float. Want a string? Don't pass anything; str is the default. Whatever you pass to type_ is actually called on the string from the sim, so you can pass any function that accepts one argument. Even a custom lambda!

>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', type_=int)
10
>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', type_=float)
10.0
>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', type_=lambda x: int(x) * 2)
20

You'll get an error if you try an invalid conversion.

>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', type_=dict)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "variable_server.py", line 331, in get_value
    return type_(value)
ValueError: dictionary update sequence element #0 has length 1; 2 is required

A Special Note for Booleans

All values from the variable server are strings, and in Python, the only string that converts to False is the empty string.

>>> bool("0")
True
>>> bool("False")
True
>>> bool("")
False

Booleans come over the variable server as either “0” or “1”, so passing type_=bool will restult in the value always being True. Instead, just use int. In Python, an int with value 0 is false, and anything else is true, so it will work just fine in conditionals.

Specifying Units

get_value has a parameter for that too: units.

>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', units='g', type_=int)
10000

You'll get an error if you try an invalid conversion.

>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', units='m')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "variable_server.py", line 329, in get_value
    _assert_units_conversion(name, units, actualUnits)
  File "variable_server.py", line 927, in _assert_units_conversion
    raise UnitsConversionError(name, expectedUnits)
variable_server.UnitsConversionError: [ball.obj.state.input.mass] cannot be converted to [m]

What About Setting Values?

Of course you can set values! It's even easier than getting them.

>>> variable_server.set_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', 5)
>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', type_=int)
5

You can specify units when you set variables too.

>>> variable_server.set_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', 5, units='g')

Doing so has no effect on subsequent calls to get_value, which continues to use the original units (kg, in this case)

>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', type_=float)
0.005

unless you say otherwise.

>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', units='g', type_=float)
5.0

Single-Value Fetches are for Chumps. I Want Multiple Values Simultaneously!

To get any fancier, we have to talk about implementation details a bit. Trick's variable server doesn't actually have a "one-shot" value fetching option. Instead, it's designed to periodically send a set of variable values over and over again. If you're familiar with variable server commands, get_value actually calls var_add, var_send, and var_clear every time it's called. If we want multiple values, we're better off doing all the var_adds together and just calling var_send and var_clear once. If you don't know what I'm talking about, don't worry about it. All you need to know is that get_values is more efficient than calling get_value for fetching multiple variables.

It's also a little more complicated. Having a parameter list like name1, units1, type1, name2, units2, type2 and so on would get ugly fast. So say goodbye to the simple interface! Time to encapsulate that data in a class.

The Variable Class

Variable represents a simulation variable. It's constructor takes the same parameters we've been using with get_value and set_value: name, units, and type_. Variables are used with the get_values function (note the trailing s), which accepts an arbitrary number of them. get_values uses the information in each Variable in the same way that get_value uses its parameters, and the observable behavior is largely the same: you get back a list of values.

>>> from variable_server import Variable
>>> position = Variable('ball.obj.state.input.position[0]', type_=int)
>>> mass = Variable('ball.obj.state.input.mass', units='g', type_=float)
>>> variable_server.get_values(position, mass)
[5, 10000.0]

And you get an error if a units or type_ conversion fails.

>>> variable_server.get_values(Variable('ball.obj.state.input.mass', units='m'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "variable_server.py", line 430, in get_values
    _assert_units_conversion(variable.name, variable.units, units)
  File "variable_server.py", line 941, in _assert_units_conversion
    raise UnitsConversionError(name, expectedUnits)
variable_server.UnitsConversionError: [ball.obj.state.input.mass] cannot be converted to [m]

>>> variable_server.get_values(Variable('ball.obj.state.input.mass', type_=dict))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "variable_server.py", line 438, in get_values
    return [variable.value for variable in variables]
  File "variable_server.py", line 145, in value
    return self._type(self._value)
ValueError: dictionary update sequence element #0 has length 1; 2 is required

But wait, there's more! Each Variable is also updated in place, so you can ignore the returned list and use each Variable's value property instead if that's more convenient.

>>> position.value
5

Units are also available and are automatically filled in if you didn't specify them when creating the Variable.

>>> position.units
'm'

You were probably going to save the returned values somewhere anyway, right? Might as well save them with the Variables themselves! However, the returned list can be useful if you want to use the values in the same expression in which they're fetched.

>>> x = Variable('ball.obj.state.output.position[0]')
>>> y = Variable('ball.obj.state.output.position[1]')
>>> print 'The ball is at position ({0}, {1})'.format(*variable_server.get_values(x, y))
The ball is at position (3.069993744436219, -11.04439115432281)

Or if you don't want to save the values at all!

>>> print 'The ball is at position ({0}, {1})'.format(*variable_server.get_values(
... Variable('ball.obj.state.output.position[0]'),
... Variable('ball.obj.state.output.position[1]')))
The ball is at position (3.069993744436219, -11.04439115432281)

Which are both equivalent to, but more compact than:

>>> x = Variable('ball.obj.state.output.position[0]')
>>> y = Variable('ball.obj.state.output.position[1]')
>>> variable_server.get_values(x, y)
['3.069993744436219', '-11.04439115432281']
>>> print 'The ball is at position ({0}, {1})'.format(x.value, y.value)
The ball is at position (3.069993744436219, -11.04439115432281)

Don't Mess With Variable Attributes

You should consider Variable read-only. This module ensures that each Variable's state remains consistent. Once you've constructed one, you should not directly set any of its fields, and you shouldn't need to. Of course, this is Python, so there's nothing to stop you from doing:

>>> mass.value = 1337

But that's certainly not going to affect the corresponding variable in the sim.

>>> variable_server.get_value('ball.obj.state.input.mass', type_=float)
5.0

And changing a Variable's units

>>> mass.units = 'g'

is not going to automagically perform a conversion.

>>> mass
ball.obj.state.input.mass = 1337.0 g

A Variable only reflects the state of its corresponding variable in the sim. It does not manipulate it. Always use set_value to change the value. The units can be specified in Variable's constructor. They can also be changed via set_units, but only for Variables that are being periodically sampled.

Periodic Sampling

Ah, now we're really cooking! This is what the variable server was made for: sending sets of variable values at a specified rate. If you find yourself calling get_values over and over again on the same set of variables, perhaps you'd like to step up to the big leagues and take a crack at asynchronous periodic sampling. Don't worry, it's not as scary as it sounds. In fact, we're already familiar with the core data structure: our old friend Variable.

Adding Variables

Periodic sampling uses the same Variables we used with get_values. To get started, just call add_variables!

>>> position = Variable('ball.obj.state.output.position[0]', type_=float)
>>> variable_server.add_variables(position)

After checking for units and type_ conversion errors, this causes the sim to periodically send the value of ball.obj.state.output.position[0] to us, which is used to automatically update position.

>>> position.value
-7.24269488786
>>> position.value
-9.0757620175
>>> position.value
-9.751339991

Look at that! position is updating all on its own. Now you can stick your periodic logic in a nice while loop and run forever!

>>> import time
>>> while True:
...     position.value
...     time.sleep(1)
-2.065295422179974
1.5358082417288299
4.8450427189593777

Triggering Callbacks

Using a while loop with a sleep might work for applications that don't care about the "staleness" of the data when it arrives, but we write real-time code around here; I can't suffer unnecessary delays! The problem with the above approach is that there's no synchronization between when the updates occur and when our sleep happens to return. Sure, we could use set_period to tell the sim to send data at the same rate that we're sleeping, but we're bound to drift apart over time, and we can't ensure that we start a new cycle at the same time the sim does. Plus, there's network latency. And what if we ask the sim to send as fast as possible? Then we don't even know what the rate is!

But wait, it gets worse! If your processing cycle is faster than the sim's update cycle, you'll needlessly reprocess values that haven't been updated since the last time you processed them, which is wasteful. But if your cycle is slower, you'll miss some updates entirely.

For some applications, these issues may truly not matter, and using a simple while loop might be sufficient. For the rest of us, there's register_callback.

>>> def foo():
...     print position.value
>>> variable_server.register_callback(foo)
0.632962631449
0.598808711027
0.564218072538

Now foo will be called each and every time there's an update, as soon as it arrives. Huzzah! You can set the period at which updates are sent via set_period, which applies to all variables that this instance is tracking, regardless of when they're added. If you want to receive another set at a different rate, you should create another VariableServer.

Concurrency Concerns

Callback functions are executed on the variable sampling thread, which is started when you instantiate VariableServer and runs until you call close (either explicitly or via a with statement). This means that new updates can't be processed until all callback functions have returned. The variable sampling thread spends most of its time blocked, waiting for new updates to arrive, so time consumed by callback functions usually isn't an issue. But if your callback performs a long-running task, you should probably do it in another thread so it doesn't cause the variable sampling thread to fall behind.

The API

Wikis are great for how-tos and high-level discussions, but if you want to get down to the nuts and bolts, you need to look at the API. You can do so by running pydoc variable_server in the directory containing variable_server.py or programmatically by calling help on the feature in which you're interested.

>>> import variable_server
>>> help(variable_server.Variable)
Help on class Variable in module variable_server:

class Variable(__builtin__.object)
 |  A variable whose value and units will be updated from the sim. You
 |  should not directly change any part of this class.

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